1.
All Human Rights are inherent in all human beings because
(A)
All Human Rights are provided by the state.
(B)
Human Rights are being provided by the United Nations.
(C)
Human beings are rational beings.
(D)
Human rights are the product of social revolutions.
Answer: (C)
2. Which of the following is the exclusive
contribution of the French Revolution in the discourse of human rights?
(A)
Liberty
(B)
Equality
(C)
Fraternity
(D)
Property
Answer: (C)
3.
‘Mandala Theory’ of inter state relations in ancient India was a contribution
of
(A)
Manu
(B)
Brihaspati
(C)
Kautilya
(D)
Aryabhatt
Answer: (C)
4.
Right to freedom of speech and expression includes
(A)
Right to Contest elections
(B)
Right to Judicial remedies
(C)
Right against defamation
(D)
Freedom of press
Answer: (D)
5.
The notion of collective rights does not include
(A)
Right to Development
(B)
Right to Habitation
(C)
Right to Self-Determination
(D)
Right to Safe Environment
Answer: (B)
6. When the Convention on the Rights of
the child was adopted by the UN General Assembly?
(A)
on 18th March 1992
(B)
on 24th January 1982
(C)
on 20th November 1989
(D)
on 10th December 1999
Answer: (C)
7. ‘Convention on the Indigenous and Tribal
peoples in independent countries’ was adopted on the initiatives of
(A) World Health Organization
(B)
International Labour Organization
(C)
United Nations Human Rights Council
(D)
Food and Agricultural Organisation
Answer: (B)
8.
The International Court of Justice is located in
(A)
Paris
(B)
Geneva
(C)
The Hague
(D)
Brussels
Answer: (C)
9. To solve the problem of Urban poverty
in the country, the central government initiated the programme called
(A) Prime Minister’s Shahari Rojgar
Yojana
(B)
Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana
(C)
August Kranti Shahari Rojgar Yojana
(D)
President’s Shahari Rojgar Yojana
Answer: (B)
10. Who of the following headed the committee
to study the problems of Unorganized workers in India?
(A) Nitish Sengupta
(B)
Arjun Sengupta
(C)
Ravi Shrivastava
(D)
Ashok Mitra
Answer: (B)
11.
Vishakha vs. State of Rajasthan case dealt with
(A)
Prevention of Domestic violence against women
(B)
Sexual violence against women at workplace
(C)
Ban on the practice of female infanticide
(D)
Promotion of educational and employment opportunities for women
Answer: (B)
12. ‘Consociational Model’ as a method of
protection of the rights of minorities was developed by
(A)
Will Kymlica
(B)
Hanna Arendt
(C)
Danial Flazar
(D)
Arendt Lizphart
Answer: (D)
13. Which one of the following writs is issued
to Courts, corporations or persons directing them to perform their public duty?
(A)
Habeas Corpus
(B)
Quo Warranto
(C)
Mandomus
(D)
Prohibition
Answer: (C)
14.
The maintenance of Internal Security Act was passed inwww.netugc.in
(A)
1950
(B)
1971
(C)
1963
(D)
1991
Answer: (B)
15.
Article 340 of the Indian Constitution deals with
(A)
Backward Classes Commission
(B)
Election Commission
(C)
Union Public Service Commission
(D)
Finance Commission
Answer: (A)
16.
Movement for Dalit rights was not championed by
(A)
Sri Narayan Guru
(B)
Jyotirao Phule
(C)
Mahadev Ranade
(D)
B.R. Ambedkar
Answer: (C)
17. International Humanitarian Law is a
(A) Branch of International law which
provides protection to human beings from the consequences of armed conflicts.
(B) Branch of Environmental law which
provides protection to Environment.
(C) Branch of international law seeking
intervention in the States violating human rights of the people.
(D) Branch of international law providing
for humanitarian assistance to the people affected by natural disasters.
Answer: (A)
18.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights contains
(A)
20 Articles
(B)
22 Articles
(C)
30 Articles
(D)
36 Articles
Answer: (C)
19.
Cultural and educational rights do not includes the provisions
(A)
Minorities have a right to protection.
(B)
Minorities can preserve their language script, law and culture.
(C)
Minorities cannot set up educational institutions.
(D)
Governments will not discriminate while giving grants to minority institutions
Answer: (C)
20.
Right to Information Act 2005 was the culmination of the sustained efforts of
(A)
Baba Amte
(B)
Savita Sinha
(C)
Aruna Roy
(D)
Anna Hazare
Answer: (C)
21. Which schedule of the India Constitution
provides protection from judicial review to the law passed by legislatives?
(A)
Fifth Schedule
(B)
Seventh Schedule
(C)
Ninth Schedule
(D)
Eleventh Schedule
Answer: (C)
22.
Amnesty International is based in which of the following countries?
(A)
United States
(B)
United Kingdom
(C)
United Arab Emirates
(D)
Canada
Answer: (B)
23.
The Head Quarters of United Nations is located at
(A)
New Delhi
(B)
New York
(C)
Geneva
(D)
Hague
Answer: (B)
24.
Sacher Committee Report dealt with the issue of
(A)
Socio-Economic Development of Muslims
(B)
All round development of Minorities
(C)
Amelioration in the conditions of working women
(D)
Decent and dignified treatment with prisoners of war
Answer: (A)
25. The People’s Union for Civil Liberties
and Democratic Rights (PUCLDR) was established in
(A)
1956
(B)
1966
(C)
1976
(D)
1986
Answer: (C)
26. Which of the following provisions articulate
the constitutional vision of Justice in India?
(A)
Free and Independent Judiciary
(B)
Directive Principles of State policy
(C)
Fundamental Duties
(D)
Special Status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir
Answer: (B)
27.
What is Sustainable Development?
(A)
Development for infinity
(B)
Development that lasts
(C)
Permanent development
(D)
Development for at least three generations
Answer: (B)
28.
Protection of which of the following is a fundamental duty?
(A)
Village Panchayat
(B)
Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes
(C)
Schools
(D)
Wild life
Answer: (D)
29. Which of the following is a seminal contribution
of the Universal declaration of Human Rights?
(A)
Making human rights implementable
(B)
International standard setting on human rights
(C)
Paving way for conversion of human rights into fundamental rights.
(D)
Facilitating creation of machinery for ensuring rights to all
Answer: (B)
30.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the General Assembly on
(A)
26th June 1940
(B)
28th July 1942
(C)
30th August 1946
(D)
10th December 1948
Answer: (D)
31. Which of the following revolutions sought
to provide on alternative perspective to the liberal discourse on human rights?
(A)
British Glorious Revolution
(B)
French Revolution
(C)
Russian Revolution
(D)
American Revolution
Answer: (C)
32.
‘Zakat’ as an important aspect of human duties is enunciated in
(A)
Buddhism
(B)
Islam
(C)
Jainism
(D)
Hinduism
Answer: (B)
33.
Pacific methods of settlement of International disputes do not include
(A)
Mediation
(B)
Sanction
(C)
Good offices
(D)
Arbitration
Answer: (B)
34. Name the conference in which the importance
of regional arrangements in protection and promotion of human rights was
emphasised
(A)
Tehran conference
(B)
Vienna conference
(C)
Helsinki conference
(D)
Rio conference
Answer: (B)
35. Which of the following countries could
not join the League of Nations in 1919 despite being the prime force behind its
establishment?
(A)
Italy
(B)
America
(C)
Britain
(D)
Germany
Answer: (B)
From questions nos. 36 to 45, are
given two statements: one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled on
Reason (R). Examine whether that statements given are correct and related to
each other, with the help of the codes attached.
36. Assertion (A): No state shall expel,
return or extradite a person to another state where there are substantial
grounds to believe that he would be in danger of enforced disappearance.
Reason (R): Everyone has the right to
seek and enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
Codes:
(A)
Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B)
Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C)
(A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.
(D)
(A) is incorrect but (R) is correct.
Answer: (A)
37. Assertion (A): Migrant workers crossing
borders worldwide are often denied the basic rights to life and are subjected
to degrading treatment by border police.
Reason (R): The number of migrant
workers around the world has steadily increased over the last two decades.
Codes:
(A)
Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B)
Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C)
(A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.
(D)
(A) is incorrect but (R) is correct.
Answer: (B)
38. Assertion (A): Directive principles also
have another significant legal consequence within the domestic system. They
affect the balancing between rights in a way which would not exist without
these directive principles.
Reason (R): Different rights have to be
interpreted in light of each other.
Codes:
(A)
Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B)
Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C)
(A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.
(D)
(A) is incorrect but (R) is correct.
Answer: (A)
39. Assertion (A): CEDAW defines discrimination
against women as any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of
sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise
of human rights by women in political, social, economic, cultural, civil or any
other field.
Reason (R): Discrimination against women
is systematic and rooted in the institutions, attitudes and mindset of the society.
Codes:
(A) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R)
is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R)
is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C)
(A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.
(D)
(A) is incorrect but (R) is correct.
Answer: (A)
40. Assertion (A): Within all traditions
there have been a variety of thinkers who have propounded ideas of individual
or collective liberties as well as those that have emphasised notions of discipline,
obedience and duty over concepts of rights and freedoms.
Reason (R): All Human Rights are universal
and interdependent.
Codes:
(A)
Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B)
Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C)
(A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.
(D)
(A) is incorrect but (R) is correct.
Answer: (B)
41. Assertion (A): In those states in which
ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities
shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group,
to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion or to
use their own language.
Reason (R): Minorities, everywhere face
discrimination.
Code:
(A)
Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B)
Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C)
(A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.
(D)
(A) is incorrect but (R) is correct.
Answer: (C)
42. Assertion (A): On a global scale, women
cultivate more than half of all the food that is grown. In Sub-Saharan African
and the Caribbean, they produce upto 80 percent of food stuffs. In Asia, they
account for around 50 percent of food production.
Reason (R): Women by nature are good
only in agricultural work.
Codes:
(A)
Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B)
Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C)
(A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.
(D)
(A) is incorrect but (R) is correct.
Answer: (C)
43. Assertion (A): The prohibition to torture
is so absolute that if an individual is expected to be put to torture in a
country upon reaching there, such an individual cannot be deported, extradited
or otherwise returned to that country.
Reason (R): In every civilised society
torture is denounced as barbaric, cruel and against human dignity.
Codes:
(A)
Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B)
Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C)
(A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.
(D)
(A) is incorrect but (R) is correct.
Answer: (B)
44. Assertion (A): Provisions of the Directive
principles exhort the state that the operation of the economic system and the ownership
and control of the material resources of the country subserve the common good.
Reason (R): Preamble of the constitution
defines India as a Socialist state.
Codes:
(A)
Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B)
Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C)
(A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.
(D)
(A) is incorrect but (R) is correct.
Answer: (B)
45. Assertion (A): Human Rights are largely
vertical in nature and are enforceable against the state and thus seek to
regulate the relationship between the citizens and the State.
Reason (R): State has come into existence
as a revolt of the agreement or consent of citizens and derives its legitimacy
from such agreement.
Codes:www.netugc.in
(A)
Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B)
Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C)
(A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.
(D)
(A) is incorrect but (R) is correct.
Answer: (A)
46.
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes
given below:
List
– I List
– II
a.
The National Commission for Minorities Act i.
1961
b.
The Commission on Sati (prevention) Act ii.
1986
c.
The Dowry Prohibition Act iii.
1992
d.
The Juvenile Justice Act iv.
1987
Codes:
a b c d
(A)
iii iv
i ii
(B)
i ii
iv iii
(C)
ii iii
i iv
(D)
iv i
ii iii
Answer: (A)
47.
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes
given below:
List
– I List
– II
a.
Minimises the chances of Revolution i.
Multi-member constituencies
b.
Adequate representation to Minorities ii.
Democracy
c.
Government by the few iii.
Aristocracy
d.
Strong government iv.
Dictatorship
Codes:
a b c d
(A)
ii i
iii iv
(B)
i iii
iv ii
(C)
iv ii
i iii
(D)
iii iv
ii i
Answer: (A)
48.
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes
given below:
List
– I List
– II
a.
Negative Liberalism i.
Thomas Hill Green
b.
Positive Liberalism ii.
Norman Angell
c.
Modern individualism iii.
Herbert Spencer
d.
Idealism iv.
John Start Mill
Codes:
a b c d
(A)
ii iii
i iv
(B)
i ii
iv iii
(C)
ii iv
iii i
(D)
iii iv
ii i
Answer: (D)
49.
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes
given below:
List
– I (Rights) List
– II (Directive Principles of State Policy)
a.
Right to adequate means of livelihood i.
Article 39
b.
Right to work ii.
Article 41
c.
Right of workers to participate in management of industries iii. Article 43
d.
Right of children to free and compulsory education iv. Article 45
Codes:
a b c d
(A)
i ii
iii iv
(B)
ii iii
iv i
(C)
iv ii
iii i
(D)
iii i
ii iv
Answer: (A)
50.
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes
given below:
List
– I List
– II
a.
The Environment Protection Act i.
1993
b.
Protection of Human Right Act ii.
1955
c.
Prevention of Terrorism Act iii.
1986
d.
Protection of Civil Rights Act iv.
2002
Codes:
a b c d
(A)
i ii
iv iii
(B)
ii iv
i iii
(C)
iii i
iv ii
(D)
i iii
ii iv
Answer: (C)
51.
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes
given below:
List
– I List
– II
a.
Declaration on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination i. 1992
b.
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against women ii. 1959
c.
Declaration on the protection of All persons from Enforced Disappearance iii. 1967
d.
Declaration of the Rights of the child iv.
1963
Codes:
a b c d
(A)
iv iii
i ii
(B)
iii i
ii iv
(C)
i ii
iii iv
(D)
ii iii
iv i
Answer: (A)
52.
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes
given below:
List
– I List
– II
a.
Amendment of Constitution i.
Article-368
b.
Universal Adult Suffrage ii.
Article-326
c.
Ministerial responsibility iii.
Article-75
d.
Fundamental Duties iv.
Article-51A
Codes:
a b c d
(A)
iii ii
i iv
(B)
ii i
iii iv
(C)
i ii
iii iv
(D)
iv iii
ii i
Answer: (C)
53.
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes
given below:
List
– I List
– II
a.
U.N. Charter i.
1948
b.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights ii.
1945
c.
Convention on the Rights of the Child iii.
1966
d.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights iv. 1989
Codes:
a b c d
(A)
i iii
ii iv
(B)
ii i
iv iii
(C)
ii iv
iii i
(D)
iv ii
i iii
Answer: (B)
54.
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes
given below:
List
– I List
– II
a.
Petition of Rights i.
1215
b.
Magna Carta ii.
1628
c.
Ministers of the Crown Act iii.
1689
d.
Bill of Rights iv.
1937
Codes:
a b c d
(A)
i iv
iii ii
(B)
ii i
iv iii
(C)
i ii
iii iv
(D)
iii iv
ii i
Answer: (B)
55.
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes
given below:
List
– I List
– II
a.
International Court of Justice i.
Geneva
b.
International Committee of the Red Cross ii.
New York
c.
Economic and Social Council (UN) iii.
Strasbourg
d.
European Court of Human Rights iv.
The Hague
Codes:
a b c d
(A)
iv i
ii iii
(B)
i ii
iii iv
(C)
iv ii
i iii
(D)
iii i
ii iv
Answer: (A)
56.
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes
given below:
List
– I List
– II
a.
International convention on civil and political rights i. 1989
b.
International convention on the rights of the child ii. 2002
c.
Prevention of Terrorism Act iii.
1960
d.
Geneva Conventions Act iv.
1966
Codes:
a b c d
(A)
i iii
iv ii
(B)
ii iii
i iv
(C)
iv i
ii iii
(D)
i ii
iii iv
Answer: (C)
57.
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes
given below:
List
– I (Theories of Democracy) List
– II (Champions)
a.
Classical Theory i.
Giovanni Sartori
b.
Neo Liberal Theory ii. Abraham Lincoln
c.
Elite Theory iii.
Robert A. Dahl
d.
Pluralist Theory iv.
C. Wright Mills
Codes:
a b c d
(A)
ii i
iv iii
(B)
i iii
ii iv
(C)
iii iv
i ii
(D)
iv iii
ii i
Answer: (A)
58.
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes
given below:
List
– I (Authors) List
– II (Books)
a.
J.S. Mill i.
Principles of Political Obligation
b.
T.H. Green ii.
Theory of Justice
c.
H.J. Laski iii.
Grammar of Politics
d.
John Rawls iv.
On Liberty
Codes:
a b c d
(A)
iv i
iii ii
(B)
i ii
iv iii
(C)
ii iii
i iv
(D)
i ii
iii iv
Answer: (A)
59.
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes
given below:
List
– I (Socialism) List
– II (Propounder)
a.
Utopian socialism i.
Karl Marx
b.
Fabian Socialism ii.
G.D.H. Cole
c.
Scientific socialism iii.
Sydny Webb
d.
Guild socialism iv.
Saint Simon
Codes:
a b c d
(A)
i ii
iii iv
(B)
iv iii
i ii
(C)
i iii
ii iv
(D)
iii i
iv ii
Answer: (B)
60.
Match List – I with List – II and select the correct answer from the codes
given below:
List
– I List
– II
a.
Sanitation, fire fighting, public safety i.
Cultural services
b.
Art galleries, museums, public parks, zoos ii.
Welfare services
c.
Roads and bridges public utility services iii.
Physical services
d.
Education, Hospitals, Libraries iv.
Protective services
Codes:
a b c d
(A)
i ii
iv iii
(B)
iv
i ii iii
(C)
i ii
iii iv
(D)
ii iii
iv i
Answer: (B)
61.
Arrange the following preventive detention laws in order of their adoption by
the parliament:
i.
TADA
ii.
COFEPOSA
iii.
MISA
iv.
POTA
Codes:
(A)
ii i iv iii
(B)
iii ii i iv
(C)
iii i ii iv
(D)
iv iii i ii
Answer: (B)
62. Arrange in chronological order the occurrence
of the following events in the more towards protection and promotion of Child
Rights
i. Adoption of optional protocol on the
involvement of children in Armed conflict.
ii. World Summit for children
iii. Establishment of Commission for
protection of Child Rights
iv. UN convention on Rights of the
child.
Codes:
(A)
iv iii ii i
(B)
iii i iv ii
(C)
iv ii i iii
(D)
i ii iii iv
Answer: (C)
63. Arrange in proper sequence the following
fundamental rights as given under various provisions of the constitution of
India:
i.
Right to Life
ii.
Right to Equality
iii.
Right to Constitutional Remedies
iv.
Right to Freedom
Codes:
(A)
i ii iii iv
(B)
ii iv i iii
(C)
iv iii ii i
(D)
iii i iv ii
Answer: (B)
64.
Arrange the following thinkers in order of their era:
i.
John Locke
ii.
Aristotle
iii.
Karl Marx
iv.
Francis Fukuyama
Codes:
(A)
iv i ii iii
(B)
iii ii iv i
(C)
ii i iii iv
(D)
i ii iii iv
Answer: (C)
65. Arrange in sequence the adoption of
the following declarations:www.netugc.in
i. United Nations Declaration on the
Right to Development.
ii. United Nations Universal Declaration
of Human Rights
iii. United Nations Declaration on the
Right of Peoples to Peace
iv. United Nations Declaration of Basic
Principles of Justice for victims of crime and abuse of power
Codes:
(A)
i ii iii iv
(B)
iv iii ii i
(C)
iii i iv ii
(D)
ii iii iv i
Answer: (D)
66.
Arrange the following in chronological order:
i.
Five Fables about Human Rights
ii.
Fourteen points of Woodrow Wilson
iii.
The four freedoms of F.D. Roosevelt
iv.
Panchsheel
Codes:
(A)
ii iii iv i
(B)
iii ii i iv
(C)
iv i ii iii
(D)
i ii iii iv
Answer: (A)
67.
Arrange in sequence the passage of the following enactments by the Indian
Parliament:
i.
Right to Information Act
ii.
Right to Education Act
iii.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
iv.
Prevention of Corruption Act
Codes:
(A)
iv i iii ii
(B)
i ii iii iv
(C)
ii iii iv i
(D)
iii iv i ii
Answer: (A)
68. Arrange in Chronological order the various
reforms passed by the British Parliament for India
i.
Government of India Act, 1935
ii.
Morley-Minto Reforms
iii.
Regulating Act
iv.
Montague-Chelmsford Reforms
Codes:
(A)
i ii iii iv
(B)
iii ii iv i
(C)
iv iii ii i
(D)
ii i iv iii
Answer: (B)
69. Arrange the following classics on Human
Rights in chronological order of their publications:
i.
The Declaration of the Rights of Women
ii.
The Rights of Man
iii.
On Laws of War and Peace
iv.
The National Question and Autonomy
Codes:
(A)
iv iii ii i
(B)
iii i ii iv
(C)
ii iv i iii
(D)
i ii iii iv
Answer: (B)
70.
Arrange the following movements in chronological order:
i.
Civil Disobedience Movement
ii.
Bhoodan Movement
iii.
Khilafat Movement
iv.
Quit India Movement
Codes:
(A)
iii i iv ii
(B)
i ii iii iv
(C)
iv iii ii i
(D)
ii iv i iii
Answer: (A)
Read the passage below and answer
the questions that follow based on your understanding of the passage. (Question
Nos. 71 to 75)
The Indian scholar Vandana Shiva
applies a socialist approach to women’s rights in the Third World, condemning
the ill effects of a neoliberal approach to economic development on both women
and the environment in the Third World. In Staying Alive: Development, Ecology
and Women (1989), she maintains that development projects represent the continuation
of the process of colonialization. Rejecting the premise – embraced by
architects of the United Nations Decade for Women – that women’s economic
status would improve thanks to expanding development Shiva argues that the
Western understanding of progress was at the root of women’s increasing
underdevelopment. She details how development projects have displaced women, in
particular, from their sources of economic subsistence. Deploring the way in
which women’s close association with nature is seen as passive and
unproductive, she calls for the recovery of the feminine principle to challenge
the legitimacy of patriarchal capital accumulation and its destructive
ecological effects.
From a different perspective, the
American pragmatist philosopher Richard Rorty considers in “Human Rights,
Rationality and Sentimentality” (1993), Western rationalist and foundationalist
positions of universal rights (as defended by Plato, Kant and others) as
outmoded. Those views, in Rorty’s opinion are, despite their theoretical and
universalist claims, de facto exclusive; for only rational individuals are considered
human beings. According to this perspective, Rorty claims, Muslims and women
may be easily excluded from the rationalist equation of rights. He thus encourages
those who oppose oppression to concentrate their energies on manipulating
sentiments. For our best hope is one sentimental education, rather than on the
command of reason. This would favour the possibility of “powerful people gradually
ceasing to oppress others, or ceasing to countenance the oppression of others,
out of mere niceness, rather than out of obedience to the moral law.”
Unlike Rorty, the American
scholars Rhoda E. Howard and Jack Donnelly advocate, in “Liberalism and Human Rights:
A Necessary Connection” (1996), a universal liberal and “egalitarian” position on
rights. They maintain that internationally recognized liberal human rights, as
laid out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International
Human Rights Covenants, are the only legitimate human rights standards. They
defend a liberal view of Individual rights, against both the libertarian strand
of liberalism, and conservative “communitarian” rights, by arguing, for example,
that individuals’ rights to property are constrained by individuals rights to
social justice. “When the full range of internationally recognized human rights
is protected,” they write, “when individuals are treated with equal concern, communities
can and do thrive.”
71.
According to Vandana Shiva by expanding development
(A)
Women’s economic status would improve
(B)
women’s economic status will remain same
(C)
women’s economic status will deteriorate
(D)
none of the above
Answer: (C)
72.
Patriarchal capital accumulation vision needs to be challenged by
(A)
strengthening of Human Rights Discourse.
(B)
recovery of the feminine principle.
(C)
expanding development.
(D)
improving economic status of women.
Answer: (B)
73.
Richard Rorty is of the view that
(A)
human rights are universal.
(B)
western rationalist position on human rights is relevant.
(C)
present Human Rights system favours only rational individuals.
(D)
women don’t remain excluded from availability of rights.
Answer: (C)
74.
The best way to reduce oppression is
(A)
strict enforcement of laws.
(B)
better implementation of human rights.
(C)
strengthening of the moral law.
(D)
sensitisation.
Answer: (D)
75.
For the development of communities the better way is
(A)
by protection of individual rights.
(B)
by restricting right to property.
(C)
by respecting communitarian rights.
(D)
by rejecting liberal vision of Human Rights.
Answer: (A)
